sqrt(3^2+4^2) 1- pchisq(4.3,1) w<-c(10, 13, 9, 1, -1, 2, -2, -4, -8) w which(w<1 | w>4) w[which(w<1 | w>4)] str(w) v<-w+1 v y<-c(0,1,5,10,seq(15,75,10)) y x<-c(1,3,5) y<-c(-3,2,4) z<-c(10,13,-9) A<-matrix(cbind(x,y,z),3,3) str(A) A rownames(A)<-c("a","b","c") A is.matrix(A) subA<-A[1:2,1:2] subA B<-3*A B which(B>5 & B<15)