The course aims at providing an overview on the potential of X-ray spectroscopy to characterize molecular species, materials and nanomaterials, together with the theoretical basis and the experimental know-how required to successfully apply such methods to multi-disciplinary research problems. The course will focus on X-ray absorption and emission methods in both the hard and soft X-ray domain, with an emphasis on their applications in chemistry, material science, and nanoscience. Through a final "hands-on" training, the course will also provide knowledge and skills about synchrotron large-scale-facility-based research and data pre-treatment and analysis/interpretation.